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The Producers (musical)

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The Producers
Original Broadway Playbill
MusicMel Brooks
LyricsMel Brooks
BookMel Brooks
Thomas Meehan
BasisThe Producers
by Mel Brooks
Productions2001 Broadway
2002 US Tour
2003 Second US Tour
2004 West End
2007 UK Tour
2015 UK and Ireland tour
International productions
AwardsTony Award for Best Musical
Tony Award for Best Book
Tony Award for Best Score
Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical
Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Book of a Musical
Grammy Award for Best Musical Show Album
Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical

The Producers is a musical comedy with music and lyrics by Mel Brooks and a book by Brooks and Thomas Meehan. It is adapted from Brooks's 1967 film of the same name. The story concerns two theatrical producers who scheme to get rich by fraudulently overselling interests in a Broadway musical designed to fail. Complications arise when the show is a surprise hit. The humor of The Producers draws on exaggerated accents, caricatures of Jews, gay people and Nazis, and many show business in-jokes.

After 33 previews, the original Broadway production opened at the St. James Theatre on April 19, 2001, starring Nathan Lane and Matthew Broderick, and ran for 2,502 performances, winning a record-breaking 12 Tony Awards. It spawned a successful West End production running for just over two years, national tours in the US and UK, many productions worldwide and a 2005 film version.

Background

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David Geffen persuaded Mel Brooks to turn his film into a stage musical. When Brooks met with Jerry Herman[1] to discuss their working together, Herman declined, telling Brooks that he should do the job himself, as he was a good songwriter. Brooks then asked Thomas Meehan to join him in writing the book for the stage. Brooks persuaded Mike Ockrent and his wife Susan Stroman to join the creative team as director and choreographer. After Ockrent's death in 1999, Stroman agreed to continue as both director and choreographer.[2]

Plot

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Act I

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In New York in 1959, theatre producer Max Bialystock opens Funny Boy, a musical version of Hamlet. Reviews are overwhelmingly negative, and the show closes after one performance ("Opening Night"). Max, who was once called the King of Broadway, tells a crowd of down-and-outs of his past achievements and vows to return to form ("King of Broadway").

The next day, Leo Bloom, a mousy accountant, comes to Max's office to audit his books. When one of Max's elderly female "investors" arrives, Max tells Leo to wait in the bathroom until she leaves. She plays a sex game with Max, who persuades her to give him a check to be invested in his next play, to be called "Cash". Leo reveals his lifelong dream to be a Broadway producer. After recovering from a panic attack caused by Max touching his blue blanket, Leo tells Max that he has found an accounting error in his books: Max raised $100,000 for Funny Boy, but the play only cost $98,000. Max begs Leo to cook the books to hide the discrepancy; Leo reluctantly agrees. After some calculations, he realizes that, by bilking investors, a producer could profit more from a flop than from a hit. Inspired, Max proposes a scheme to find the worst musical ever written, hire the worst director and actors in New York, raise $2 million of investment from elderly women, produce the work on Broadway, close it after one night, and escape to Rio de Janeiro with the money. However, Leo refuses to help Max with his scheme ("We Can Do It").

Leo's antagonistic boss, Mr. Marks, reprimands him for arriving at work six minutes late and calls him a nobody. While he and his miserable co-workers toil over accounts, Leo daydreams of becoming a Broadway producer ("I Wanna Be a Producer"). He realizes that his job is terrible, quits, and returns to Max ("We Can Do It" (reprise)). The next day, they search for the most offensive play they can find and discover Springtime for Hitler: A Gay Romp with Adolf and Eva at Berchtesgaden, an admiring tribute to Adolf Hitler written by ex-Nazi soldier Franz Liebkind. They go to the playwright's home in Greenwich Village to get the rights to the play, where Franz is on the roof of his tenement with his pigeons reminiscing about life back in Germany ("In Old Bavaria"). The producers get him to sign their contract by joining him in singing Hitler's favorite tune ("Der Guten Tag Hop Clop") and reciting the Siegfried Oath, under penalty of death, promising never to dishonor Hitler's spirit or memory. In doing so, Franz gives Hitler's middle name as "Elizabeth", explaining that his ancestors include English queens.

At the townhouse of the flamboyant transvestite and failing director Roger De Bris, Roger and his domestic partner Carmen Ghia initially decline the offer to direct because of the serious subject matter. After much persuading and invoking the possibility of a Tony Award, Roger relents and tells the producers that the second act must be rewritten so the Germans win World War II while also insisting that the play be more "gay" ("Keep It Gay"). Max and Leo return to the office to meet Ulla Inga Hansen Benson Yansen Tallen Hallen Svaden Swanson, a beautiful Swedish woman who wants to audition for their next play ("When You've Got It, Flaunt It"). The producers are impressed, mostly by her sex-appeal, and hire her as a clerical worker. Max leaves to raise $2 million to produce Springtime for Hitler by calling on elderly women from all over New York ("Along Came Bialy"), and succeeds at raising the money ("Act I Finale").

Act II

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Leo and Ulla are left alone in Max's office, which she has "redecorated", and they start to fall in love ("That Face"). Max walks in and sees the tempting form of Ulla's covered behind ("That Face" (reprise)).

At the auditions for the role of Hitler, Roger rejects one actor after another in summary fashion. Finally, a frustrated Franz performs his own jazzy rendition of "Haben Sie Gehört Das Deutsche Band?", at the end of which Max approves Franz's audition. Opening night arrives ("Opening Night" (reprise)), and after Leo curses the production by wishing everyone "good luck" ("You Never Say 'Good Luck' on Opening Night"), Franz literally breaks his leg falling down the stairs. Roger is the only one other than Franz who knows the part of Hitler, and he rushes to the dressing room to get ready. The curtain rises, and Max and Leo watch the opening number ("Springtime for Hitler"), which shocks the audience, before sneaking away. Unfortunately, Roger plays Hitler so flamboyantly that the audience mistakes the show for satire, and it becomes a surprise smash.

Back at the office, Max and Leo are horrified that the IRS will learn of their actions as they read positive critical reviews for Springtime ("Where Did We Go Right?"). Roger and Carmen come to congratulate them, only to find them fighting over the accounting books. Franz bursts in, waving a pistol, outraged by Roger's portrayal of Hitler. Fearful for his life, Max suggests that Franz shoot the actors instead of the producers as a way to close the show. The police are summoned by the commotion and arrest Franz, who breaks his other leg while trying to escape. They also arrest Max and take the books. As Leo hides, Ulla finds him and persuades him to take the $2 million and run off to Rio with her.

In jail awaiting trial, Max receives a postcard from Leo, now living in Rio and having eloped with Ulla. Feeling betrayed, he recounts the events of the story ("Betrayed"). At his trial, Max is found "incredibly guilty", but Leo and Ulla arrive in the nick of time. Leo turns in the stolen money and tells the judge that Max is a good man who has never hurt anyone despite his swindling, and the only man he has ever called a friend ("'Til Him"). Touched by their friendship, the judge decides not to separate the partners, sending them and Franz to Sing Sing prison together for five years. In prison, they write a new musical entitled "Prisoners of Love", and they are pardoned by the governor of New York for bringing joy into the lives of their inmates by having them act in the play. Soon after taking Prisoners of Love to Broadway, with Roger and Ulla in the main roles, Leo and Max become successful producers and walk off into the sunset ("Leo & Max"). Everyone comes back for one last song, telling the audience to leave ("Goodbye!").

Musical numbers

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Notable casts

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Character Broadway U.S. Tour
[4] 		U.S. Tour
[5] 		West End UK Tour
[6] 		UK tour
2001 2002 2003 2004 2007 2015
Leopold "Leo" Bloom Matthew Broderick Don Stephenson Andy Taylor Lee Evans John Gordon Sinclair Jason Manford
Max Bialystock Nathan Lane Lewis J. Stadlen Brad Oscar Nathan Lane Cory English
Ulla Bloom Cady Huffman Angie Schworer Ida Leigh Curtis Leigh Zimmerman Emma-Jayne Appleyard Tiffany Graves
Roger De Bris Gary Beach Lee Roy Reams Conleth Hill Peter Kay David Bedella
Carmen Ghia Roger Bart Jeff Hyslop Rich Affannato James Dreyfus Robert Sebastian Louie Spence
Franz Liebkind Brad Oscar Fred Applegate Bill Nolte Nicolas Colicos Alex Giannini Phill Jupitus

Notable Broadway (2001–2007) replacements

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Source:[7]

Notable West End (2004–2007) replacements

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Productions

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Chicago tryout and Broadway (2001–2007)

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The Producers at the St. James Theatre

The Producers had a pre-Broadway tryout at Chicago's Cadillac Palace from February 1 to 25, 2001, starring Matthew Broderick as Leo Bloom and Nathan Lane as Max Bialystock.[11][12]

The production opened on Broadway with the same cast at the St. James Theatre on April 19, 2001. It ran for 2,502 performances, closing on April 22, 2007. The director and choreographer was Susan Stroman. Glen Kelly was the musical arranger and supervisor.[1][2] The production won 12 Tony Awards, breaking the record held for 37 years by Hello, Dolly! which had won 10.[13]

After the opening, The Producers broke the record for the largest single day box-office ticket sales in theatre history, taking in more than $3 million.[14] The loss of the original stars later in the run had a detrimental effect on the success of the production, prompting the return of Broderick and Lane for a limited run from December 2003 to April 2004. The show's sales then broke its own record with over $3.5 million in single day ticket sales.[15]

US Tours (2002–2005)

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From September 2002 to July 2005, there were two touring companies that played 74 cities across the United States, grossing over $214 million.[16] The first tour began on September 10, 2002, and starred Don Stephenson as Leo and Lewis J. Stadlen as Max. They were replaced during the Los Angeles engagement in 2003 by Martin Short and Jason Alexander for the duration of the show's run in that city, as well as in San Francisco.[17] Michael Kostroff, who had several supporting roles in that production and understudied Max, published a 2005 memoir of his touring experience, Letters from Backstage.[citation needed]

A second national tour opened on June 17, 2003, at the Colonial Theatre in Boston, Massachusetts, starring Andy Taylor as Leo and Brad Oscar as Max. The cast also featured Lee Roy Reams as Roger and Bill Nolte as Franz. This company toured the US for two years before playing in Tokyo, Japan.[18]

Toronto (2003–2004)

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A Toronto production opened in December 2003 and closed in July 2004 at The Canon Theatre. The cast included Michael Therriault and Seán Cullen as Leo and Max, Juan Chioran as Roger, Paul O'Sullivan as Franz, Sarah Cornell as Ulla and Brandon McGibbon as Carmen Ghia. Stroman also directed and choreographed this production with the same designers as the Broadway production.[19]

West End (2004–2007)

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The Producers at Theatre Royal, Drury Lane

The Producers opened in London's West End at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, on November 9, 2004 and closed on January 6, 2007, after 920 performances.[20] The production starred Nathan Lane, reprising the role of Max after Richard Dreyfuss was "let go" by the producers after finding that he was unable "to fulfil the rigours of the role", with four days to go before first previews.[21] Lee Evans played Leo (Lane and Evans had worked together in the 1997 movie MouseHunt), with Leigh Zimmerman as Ulla, Nicolas Colicos as Franz Liebkind, Conleth Hill as Roger De Bris, and James Dreyfus as Carmen Ghia.[22]

The show enjoyed excellent box office success as it had in New York. Despite the departure of Lane from the show, it continued to enjoy strong sales. Leo Bloom was later played by John Gordon Sinclair[8] and Reece Shearsmith.[9] Max Bialystock was then played by Brad Oscar,[10] Fred Applegate,[8] and Cory English.[9]

UK tours (2007–2015)

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A United Kingdom tour opened in Manchester on February 19, 2007, where it played for three months before moving on. English and Sinclair reprised their roles of Max and Leo, respectively, and Peter Kay was cast in the role of Roger.[23] For the majority of the tour, which ran until early 2008, Joe Pasquale and Reece Shearsmith took over the role of Leo and Russ Abbot played Roger.[24][25]

A new production began a UK and Ireland tour at the Churchill Theatre in Bromley on March 6, 2015,[26] starring Cory English as Max, Jason Manford as Leo,[27] Phill Jupitus (until May 16) and Ross Noble (from May 18 onwards) as Franz Liebkind,[28] David Bedella as Roger De Bris and Louie Spence as Carmen Ghia (until May 2).[29] The tour continued until July 2015 in Dublin.[30]

Other productions

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A Los Angeles, California, production ran from May 2003 to January 2004 at the Pantages Theatre. Co-starring were Jason Alexander as Max Bialystock and Martin Short as Leo Bloom. The Las Vegas, Nevada production ran for a year in 2007 to 2008 at the Paris Hotel & Casino. It starred Brad Oscar as Bialystock, Larry Raben as Bloom and Leigh Zimmerman as Ulla, with David Hasselhoff receiving top billing as Roger De Bris. Once Hasselhoff left the production, top-billing went to Tony Danza, who stepped in as Bialystock. The production was a 90-minute version.[31] In 2007, the first U.S. regional theater production played in Lincolnshire, Illinois at the Marriott Theatre from September to November 2007 and starred Ross Lehman as Bialystock and Guy Adkins as Bloom.[32]

In 2009, the show played at the Walnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and at the Diablo Light Opera Company in California, starring Ginny Wehrmeister as Ulla, Ryan Drummond as Leo, and Marcus Klinger as Max. This production received the 2009 Shellie Award for Best Production. Oscar and Bart reprised their roles as Max and Leo, respectively, in a production at Starlight Theatre in Kansas City, Missouri in August 2010.[33] A production at the Hollywood Bowl, with Richard Kind, Roger Bart, and Gary Beach reprising their roles as Max Bialystock, Carmen Ghia and Roger DeBris from the original Broadway production, ran July 27–29, 2012. The cast also starred Jesse Tyler Ferguson as Leo Bloom and featured Dane Cook as Franz Liebkind and Rebecca Romijn as Ulla.[34]

An Off West End revival at the Menier Chocolate Factory, London, directed by Patrick Marber, began previews on November 26, 2024, with an opening night set for December 9, and is expected to run until 1 March 2025. Andy Nyman stars as Max, with Marc Antolin starring as Leo, Trevor Ashley as Roger, Raj Ghatak as Carmen, and Joanna Woodward as Ulla. Choreography is by Lorin Latarro.[35]

The Producers has been presented professionally in cities around the world, including Toronto,[36] Berlin, Breda, Melbourne, Brisbane, Cairns, Sydney, Christchurch, Tel Aviv, Seoul, Buenos Aires, Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, Copenhagen,[37] [38] Milan, Budapest, Madrid,[39] Halifax, Manchester,[40] Mexico City, Prague, Stockholm, Panama,[41] Bratislava, Vienna, Helsinki, Athens, Rio de Janeiro,[42] São Paulo, Caracas, Lisbon, Gothenburg, Oslo, Oradea, Paris,[43] Varde, Moscow,[44] Ghent, Manila,[45] and Belgrade.[46]

Adaptations

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Main article: The Producers (2005 film)

In 2005, the musical was adapted into a musical film. It was directed by Stroman and starred most of the original Broadway cast, except for Brad Oscar – who was unable to reprise the role of Franz because he had signed on to play Max on Broadway and, instead, had a brief cameo as the cab driver – and Cady Huffman. Their roles were played by Will Ferrell and Uma Thurman, respectively. The songs "King of Broadway", "In Old Bavaria", and "Where Did We Go Right?" were not in the theatrical cut of the movie; "King of Broadway" and "In Old Bavaria" appear on the DVD as deleted scenes. It opened on December 16, 2005, and received mixed reviews.

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The fourth season of the TV series Curb Your Enthusiasm, parodies The Producers in the form of a metareference. Mel Brooks offers Larry David the part of Max, with Ben Stiller as Leo. When Larry and Stiller have a falling out, Stiller is replaced by David Schwimmer. On opening night, Larry forgets his lines, but instead of causing the play to bomb, his ad-libs keep the audience laughing. Brooks reveals he purposely cast Larry, believing he would fail, to end the show and "free" Brooks of its success. Brooks and his real-life wife, Anne Bancroft, laugh at Larry's performance, but to their dismay, Larry makes the play a hit once again. Huffman and Lane appear as themselves.[47]

Awards and nominations

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At the 2001 Tony Awards, The Producers won 12 out of its 15 nominations, setting the record for most wins in history and becoming one of the few musicals to win in every category for which it was nominated – it received two nominations for leading actor and three for featured actor.[13][48] Its record for most nominations was tied in 2009 by Billy Elliot the Musical and broken in 2016 when Hamilton received 16 nominations,[49] but its record number of wins still stands, as of 2023. Hamilton is second, with 11 wins.[50]

Original Broadway production

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Year Award ceremony Category Nominee Result
2001 Tony Award Best Musical Won
Best Book of a Musical Mel Brooks and Thomas Meehan Won
Best Original Score Mel Brooks Won
Best Actor in a Musical Nathan Lane Won
Matthew Broderick Nominated
Best Featured Actor in a Musical Gary Beach Won
Roger Bart Nominated
Brad Oscar Nominated
Best Featured Actress in a Musical Cady Huffman Won
Best Direction of a Musical Susan Stroman Won
Best Choreography Won
Best Orchestrations Doug Besterman Won
Best Scenic Design Robin Wagner Won
Best Costume Design William Ivey Long Won
Best Lighting Design Peter Kaczorowski Won
Drama Desk Award Outstanding Musical Won
Outstanding Book of a Musical Mel Brooks and Thomas Meehan Won
Outstanding Actor in a Musical Nathan Lane Won
Matthew Broderick Nominated
Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Gary Beach Won
Roger Bart Nominated
Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Cady Huffman Won
Outstanding Director of a Musical Susan Stroman Won
Outstanding Choreography Won
Outstanding Orchestrations Doug Besterman Won
Outstanding Lyrics Mel Brooks Won
Outstanding Set Design Robin Wagner Won
Outstanding Costume Design William Ivey Long Won
Outstanding Lighting Design Peter Kaczorowski Nominated
2002 Grammy Award Grammy Award for Best Musical Show Album Won[51]

Original London production

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Year Award ceremony Category Nominee Result
2005 Laurence Olivier Award Best New Musical Won
Best Actor in a Musical Nathan Lane Won
Lee Evans Nominated
Best Actress in a Musical Leigh Zimmerman Nominated
Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical Conleth Hill Won
Best Director Susan Stroman Nominated
Best Theatre Choreographer Nominated
Best Costume Design William Ivey Long Nominated

References

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  1. ^ a b Information from the CNN archives Archived 2007-10-17 at the Wayback Machine cnn.com
  2. ^ a b Information from the PBS website Archived September 9, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, pbs.org
  3. ^ "Inside the Playbill: The Producers – Opening Night at the St. James Theatre" playbill.com
  4. ^ "The Producers – Broadway Musical – Max Tour | IBDB". www.ibdb.com. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
  5. ^ "The Producers – Broadway Musical – Leo Tour | IBDB". www.ibdb.com. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
  6. ^ "The Producers - 1st UK Tour - November 14, 2007 (Matinee) - encora". encora.one. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
  7. ^ "The Producers", IBDb
  8. ^ a b c d Inverne, ames."Fred Applegate Named New Max for London "Producers'" Archived 2011-06-29 at the Wayback Machine Playbill.com, April 7, 2005
  9. ^ a b c d Shenton, Mark."'The Producers', Review" The Stage, 31 March 2006
  10. ^ a b Staff."Brad Oscar to Replace Nathan Lane in London's 'The Producers'" broadway.com, November 29, 2004
  11. ^ Matthewbroderick.net Archived 2004-09-05 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ "Winter-Spring Broadway Season Schedule" Archived 2011-06-29 at the Wayback Machine, Playbill.com, February 11, 2001.
  13. ^ a b Jones, Kenneth. Broadway Record-Breaker The Producers Closes April 22" Archived 2010-03-10 at the Wayback Machine, Playbill.com, April 22, 2007
  14. ^ Pogrebin, Robin. "Ticket Sales for 'Producers' Set a Broadway Record", The New York Times, April 21, 2001
  15. ^ McKinley, Jesse. "For 'The Producers,' Another Box Office Bonanza", The New York Times, November 17, 2003, Section B, p. 1
  16. ^ Playbill News: Broadway Record-Breaker "The Producers Closes April 22" Archived 2007-05-25 at the Wayback Machine playbill.com
  17. ^ Jones, Kenneth."Alexander and Short Join Producers Tour in San Fran, April 21–26 Before L.A. Sitdown" Archived 2012-10-17 at the Wayback Machine, playbill.com, March 25, 2003
  18. ^ Jones, Kenneth. "Hit National Tour of Producers Ends June 26", Playbill, May 26, 2005
  19. ^ Hernandez, Ernio and Kenneth Jones. "Toronto Run of The Producers to Shutter Earlier Than Expected, July 4", Playbill, June 28, 2004
  20. ^ "'The Producers' at Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, 2004-2007", Thisistheatre.com, accessed March 15, 2011
  21. ^ "Dreyfuss pulls out of Producers", bbc.co.uk
  22. ^ Shenton, Mark."Review:'The Producers' The Stage, 10 November 2004
  23. ^ Ansdell, Caroline. Cast: 'Producers' & 'Footloose' Tours, London 'Guys'" whatsonstage.com, January 23, 2007
  24. ^ Paddock, Terri. /Cast%3A+Francolini+in+the+Woods%2C+Pasquale+Produces.html Cast: Francolini in the Woods, Pasquale Produces", whatsonstage.com, May 8, 2007
  25. ^ Radcliffe, Allen. The Producers, list.co.uk, 15 November 2007
  26. ^ Bannister, Rosie. ''The Producers heads out on UK tour in 2015", WhatsOnStage.com, August 7, 2014
  27. ^ "Jason Manford to star in The Producers", BBC, October 24, 2014
  28. ^ Bosanquet, Theo. "Ross Noble makes musical theatre debut in The Producers", WhatsOnStage.com, November 28, 2014
  29. ^ Donn, Rebecca. "Louie Spence joins Producers UK tour", WhatsOnStage.com, November 14, 2014
  30. ^ "The Producers: Tour", Official UK website, accessed September 23, 2016
  31. ^ Jones, Kenneth. "Vegas Production of The Producers Ends Feb. 9 Archived 2008-04-15 at the Wayback Machine, Playbill, February 9, 2008, accessed October 13, 2015
  32. ^ Information about the regional production in Lincolnshire, Illinois. Archived 2007-10-22 at the Wayback Machine
  33. ^ "Starlight Theater listing". Archived from the original on August 16, 2010. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
  34. ^ Gans, Andrew. "Richard Kind and Jesse Tyler Ferguson Are The Producers at the Hollywood Bowl Starting July 27", Playbill, July 27, 2012
  35. ^ Gumushan, Tanyel (November 26, 2024). "The Producers revival starts performances". WhatsOnStage. Retrieved December 1, 2024.
  36. ^ Jones, Kenneth. "Lack of Summer Tourists Helps Sink The Producers in Toronto; 33-Week Run Ends July 4" Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine, Playbill, July 4, 2004, accessed October 13, 2015
  37. ^ "The Producers (2006)". Det Ny Teater (in Danish). Retrieved September 11, 2024.
  38. ^ "The Producers". Det Ny Teater (in Danish). Retrieved September 11, 2024.
  39. ^ Cuéllar, Manuel. "El peor musical del mundo", El País, 10 September 2006
  40. ^ Billington, Michael. "The Producers review – Brooks's bonfire of good taste still burns brightly", The Guardian, 6 December 2018
  41. ^ La Prensa website Archived 2010-05-15 at the Wayback Machine
  42. ^ Venezuelan production Archived 2014-04-30 at the Wayback Machine
  43. ^ McDonagh, Shannon. "Alexis Michalik brings Broadway to Paris with a take on The Producers", Euronews, 2 December 2021
  44. ^ Official site for the Russian production
  45. ^ Töngi, G. "An exclusive look at Repertory Philippines' The Producers", Rappler Manila, December 13, 2013
  46. ^ Kimmelman, Michael. "The Führer Returns to Berlin, This Time Saluted Only by Laughs", The New York Times, May 18, 2009
  47. ^ Hernandez, Ernio. "Larry David and David Schwimmer Set for Opening Night in The Producers Television Spoof", Playbill, 14 March 2014
  48. ^ Lefkowitz, David. "Record 12 Tony Awards for Producers; Proof, Cuckoo's Nest & 42nd St. Tops Too" Archived 2012-10-19 at the Wayback Machine, Playbill, June 4, 2001
  49. ^ Rothman, Michael. "Tony Award Nominations 2016: Hamilton Breaks Record", Playbill, May 3, 2016
  50. ^ Viagas, Robert. " Hamilton Tops Tony Awards With 11 Wins", Playbill, June 12, 2016
  51. ^ Jones, Kenneth. "The Producers has another award — the 2002 Grammy Award for Best Musical Show Album", Playbill, February 27, 2002
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