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Foreign relations of Costa Rica

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Costa Rica is an active member of the international community and, in 1983, claimed it was for neutrality.[1] Due to certain powerful constituencies[who?] favoring its methods, it has a weight in world affairs far beyond its size. The country lobbied aggressively for the establishment of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and became the first nation to recognize the jurisdiction of the Inter-American Human Rights Court, based in San José.

The foreign affairs of the Republic of Costa Rica are a function of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Worship.

History

[edit]

Costa Rica gained election as president of the Group of 77 in the United Nations in 1995. That term ended in 1997 with the South-South Conference held in San Jose.

Costa Rica occupied a nonpermanent seat in the Security Council from 1997 to 1999 and exercised a leadership role in confronting crises in the Middle East and Africa, as well as in the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. It is currently a member of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights. On Jan 1 2008 Costa Rica started its third year term on the Security Council.

Costa Rica strongly backed efforts by the United States to implement UN Security Council Resolution 940, which led to the restoration of the democratically elected Government of Haiti in October 1994. Costa Rica was among the first to call for a postponement of the May 22 elections in Peru when international observer missions found electoral machinery not prepared for the vote count.

Costa Rica is also a member of the International Criminal Court, without a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the US-military (as covered under Article 98).

Costa Rica's relation to Central America

[edit]

In 1987, then President Óscar Arias authored a regional plan that served as the basis for the Esquipulas Peace Agreement and Arias was awarded the 1987 Nobel Peace Prize for his work. Arias also promoted change in the USSR-backed Nicaraguan government of the era. Costa Rica also hosted several rounds of negotiations between the Salvadoran Government and the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, aiding El Salvador's efforts to emerge from civil war and culminating in that country's 1994 free and fair elections. Costa Rica has been a strong proponent of regional arms-limitation agreements. Former President Miguel Ángel Rodríguez recently proposed the abolition of all Central American militaries and the creation of a regional counternarcotics police force in their stead.

With the establishment of democratically elected governments in all Central American nations by the 1990s, Costa Rica turned its focus from regional conflicts to the pursuit of neoliberal policies on the isthmus. The influence of these policies, along with the US invasion of Panama, was instrumental in drawing Panama into the Central American model of neoliberalism. Costa Rica also participated in the multinational Partnership for Democracy and Development in Central America.

Regional political integration has not proven attractive to Costa Rica. The country debated its role in the Central American integration process under former President Calderon. Costa Rica has sought concrete economic ties with its Central American neighbors rather than the establishment of regional political institutions, and it chose not to join the Central American Parliament.

Costa Rica in the UN

[edit]

Costa Rica has been an active member of the United Nations since its inception at the San Francisco Conference in 1945. Its first ambassador to the United Nations was Fernando Soto Harrison, the secretary of governance under President Picado.[2]

Costa Rican Christiana Figueres was nominated for the post of UN secretary-general in July 2016.

Diplomatic relations

[edit]

List of countries with which Costa Rica maintains diplomatic relations:

# Country Date
1  Honduras 1 July 1839[3]
2  Guatemala 18 August 1839[4]
3  El Salvador 10 December 1845[5]
4  United Kingdom 28 February 1848[3]
5  France 12 March 1848[6]
6  Italy 1849[6]
7  Spain 10 May 1850[7]
8  United States 24 March 1851[8]
9  Peru 25 April 1852[3]
10  Netherlands 12 July 1852[3]
11  Colombia 11 June 1856[9]
12  Brazil 1857[3]
13  Belgium 26 July 1858[3]
14  Chile 1858[10]
15  Argentina 23 October 1862[11][12]
16   Switzerland 1865[3]
17  Nicaragua 30 July 1868[13]
18  Russia 1872[3]
19  Mexico 3 August 1876[14]
20  Dominican Republic 10 August 1876[15]
21  Paraguay 1883[3]
22  Sweden 1883[3]
23  Ecuador 26 October 1885[16]
24  Venezuela 22 June 1891[17]
25  Panama 29 December 1903[18]
26  Cuba 17 December 1907[3][19]
—  Holy See 19 August 1908[20]
27  Portugal 10 July 1913[21]
28  Bolivia 1913[3]
29  Uruguay 16 January 1930[22]
30  Poland 18 November 1933[23]
31  Czech Republic 21 March 1935[24]
32  Japan February 1935[3]
33  Norway 2 May 1939[25]
34  Philippines 5 July 1946[26]
35  Turkey 20 April 1950[27]
36  Serbia 14 June 1952[28]
37  Germany 7 October 1952[29]
38  Israel 22 October 1954[30]
39  Haiti 29 September 1955[30]
40  Denmark 26 September 1956[31]
—  Sovereign Military Order of Malta 8 August 1957[32]
41  Austria 17 April 1958[33]
42  Canada 20 January 1961[34]
43  South Korea 15 August 1962[35]
44  Luxembourg 29 January 1963[36]
45  Syria 15 December 1964[37]
46  Egypt 1964[38]
47  Greece 2 July 1965[39]
48  Finland 23 August 1966[40]
49  India 1968[41]
50  Hungary 14 May 1970[42]
51  Bulgaria 9 October 1970[43]
52  Romania 4 July 1970[44]
53  Trinidad and Tobago 21 May 1971[45]
54  Jamaica 21 July 1971[46]
55  Barbados 6 March 1972[47]
56  Ivory Coast 5 February 1973[48]
57  Albania 20 February 1973[49]
58  Tunisia 15 October 1973[50]
59  Pakistan 9 November 1973[51]
60  North Korea 10 February 1974[52]
61  Guyana 17 April 1974[53]
62  Cameroon April 1974[54]
63  Australia July 1974[55]
64  Libya 30 November 1974[56]
65  Bahamas 1974[57]
66  Nigeria 26 June 1975[58]
67  Vietnam 24 April 1976[59]
68  Myanmar 8 March 1977[60]
69  Malaysia 17 April 1977[61]
70  Mongolia 6 June 1977[62]
71  Sri Lanka 11 June 1977[63]
72    Nepal 16 August 1977[64]
73  Papua New Guinea 28 April 1978[65]
74  Senegal 23 January 1979[66]
75  Suriname 1 March 1979[67]
76  Togo 11 June 1979[68]
77  Iraq March 1981[69]
78  Equatorial Guinea April 1981[70]
79  Belize September 1981[71]
80  Cyprus 17 November 1981[72]
81  Kenya 1982[73]
82  Antigua and Barbuda 16 January 1984[74]
83  Indonesia 3 January 1985[75]
84  Morocco 25 September 1986[76]
85  Singapore 1 September 1987[77]
86  New Zealand 5 July 1988[78]
87  Algeria 13 March 1990[79]
88  Saint Lucia 1991[80]
89  Seychelles 17 March 1992[79]
90  Lithuania 17 May 1992[81]
91  Ukraine 9 June 1992[79]
92  Saint Kitts and Nevis 11 June 1992[82]
93  Marshall Islands 15 June 1992[83]
94  Belarus 24 June 1992[84]
95  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines June 1992[85]
96  Grenada 31 August 1992[86]
97  Slovakia 6 January 1993[87]
98  Estonia 4 October 1993[88]
99  Brunei 14 April 1994[79]
100  Benin 28 June 1994[79]
101  South Africa 4 October 1994[79]
102  Guinea-Bissau 28 March 1995[79]
103  Bosnia and Herzegovina 19 October 1995[89]
104  Croatia 19 October 1995[90]
105  Slovenia 19 October 1995[91]
106  Andorra 22 May 1996[79]
107  Cape Verde 23 May 1996[79]
108  Kazakhstan 1 October 1996[79]
109  North Macedonia 15 October 1996[79]
110  Iceland 10 January 1997[92]
111  Azerbaijan 15 January 1997[93]
112  Armenia 8 April 1997[94]
113  Lesotho 17 April 1998[79]
114  Georgia 5 May 1998[79]
115  Gambia 26 October 1999[79]
116  Cambodia Before 1999[95]
117  Ethiopia Before 1999[95]
118  Liberia Before 1999[95]
119  Malta Before 1999[95]
120  Namibia Before 1999[95]
121  Moldova 4 May 2000[79]
122  Liechtenstein 12 January 2000[96]
123  Thailand 25 April 2000[3]
124  Ghana 11 July 2000[3]
125  Ireland 15 September 2000[79]
126  Tajikistan 28 February 2001[79]
127  Rwanda 8 March 2001[79]
128  Angola 13 March 2001[79]
129  Mozambique 15 March 2001[79]
130  Dominica 10 May 2001[79]
131  Uzbekistan 7 June 2001[79]
132  Burkina Faso 22 June 2001[79]
133  Kyrgyzstan 24 September 2001[79]
134  East Timor 14 May 2003[79]
135  Latvia 15 May 2003[79]
136  Qatar 17 March 2004[79]
137  Bahrain 22 September 2006[79]
138  Kuwait 22 September 2006[97]
139  Jordan 10 January 2007[79]
140  Montenegro 24 May 2007[97]
141  China 1 June 2007[97]
142  Lebanon 24 August 2007[79]
143  Uganda 29 August 2007[97]
144  Yemen 4 September 2007[97]
145  Republic of Congo 4 September 2007[79]
146  Botswana 11 September 2007[97]
147  Eswatini 24 September 2007[79]
148  Burundi 28 September 2007[97]
149  Guinea 1 October 2007[97]
150  Oman 19 December 2007[79]
—  State of Palestine 5 February 2008[79]
151  San Marino 6 April 2009[98]
152  United Arab Emirates 11 March 2010[79]
153  Maldives 21 September 2010[79]
154  Bhutan 21 March 2012[79]
155  Fiji 2 August 2013[79]
—  Kosovo 23 September 2013[99]
156  Zambia 28 May 2014[100]
157  Laos 28 September 2015[79]
158  Monaco 22 October 2015[101]
159  Saudi Arabia 7 December 2015[79]
160  Vanuatu 28 September 2018[102]
161  Bangladesh Unknown
162  Iran Unknown
—  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (frozen) Unknown

Bilateral relations

[edit]
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Azerbaijan 15 January 1997[103]
  • The diplomatic relations between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Republic of Costa Rica were established on January 15, 1997.[103]
  • The Republic of Azerbaijan is accredited to the Republic of Costa Rica through its embassy in Mexico City, Mexico.[104]
 Belize 1981
 China

See China–Costa Rica relations

Costa Rica maintained official relations with the Republic of China (commonly known as Taiwan) instead of the People's Republic of China (commonly known as China) until June 1, 2007, when it opened relations with China. Taiwan then broke relations on June 7.[106]

  • China has an embassy in San José.
  • Costa Rica has an embassy in Beijing.
 Cuba

Soon after Fidel Castro declared Cuba a socialist state, Costa Rican President Mario Echandi Jiménez ended diplomatic relations on 10 September 1961 with the island through Executive Decree Number 2, in compliance with sanctions placed on Cuba by the Organization of American States. In 1995, Costa Rica established a consular office in Havana. Cuba opened a consular office in Costa Rica in 2001. Forty-seven years after the initial freeze, Costa Rican President Óscar Arias Sánchez announced on 18 March 2009 that normal relations were to be re-established, saying, "If we have been able to turn the page with regimes as profoundly different to our reality as occurred with the USSR or, more recently, with the Republic of China, how would we not do it with a country that is geographically and culturally much nearer to Costa Rica?" Arias also announced that both countries would exchange ambassadors.[107] The next day, Cuba's government announced that it agreed to re-establishing relations.

  • Costa Rica has an embassy in Havana.
  • Cuba has an embassy in San José.
 France
  • Costa Rica has an embassy in Paris.
  • France has an embassy in San José.
 Germany
  • Costa Rica has an embassy in Berlin.
  • Germany has an embassy in San José.
 Guyana 17 April 1974
 India
  • India has honorary consulate in San José.[109]
  • Costa Rica maintains an embassy in New Delhi.[110]
 Israel

Costa Rica recognized Israel on June 19, 1948.[111] The Embassy of Costa Rica was located in Tel Aviv until it moved to Jerusalem in 1982.[112] As of 1984, Costa Rica and El Salvador were the only two countries that recognized Israel and also maintained an embassy in Jerusalem.[113] In 2006, the Embassy of Costa Rica relocated to Tel Aviv;[114] Costa Rican President Óscar Arias said the decision was intended to "rectify a historic error".[115]

In December 2011, Rodrigo Carreras became the Costa Rican ambassador to Israel for the second time, after his posting there in the 1980s. Carreras' father, Benjamin Nunez, also served as the Costa Rican ambassador to Israel.[116]

  • Costa Rica has an embassy in Tel Aviv.
  • Israel has an embassy in San José.
 Italy See Costa Rica–Italy relations
  • Costa Rica has an embassy in Rome.
  • Italy has an embassy in San José.
 Kosovo 23 September 2013

Costa Rica officially recognised the independence of the Republic of Kosovo on 17 February 2008.[117] Costa Rica and Kosovo established diplomatic relations on 23 September 2013.[118][119]

 Mexico 1838 See Costa Rica–Mexico relations

Diplomatic relations between Mexico and Costa Rica began in 1838.

 Russia See Costa Rica–Russia relations

Holders of a Russian passport need a visa authorized by Costa Rica, or alternatively Costa Rican authorities will accept Russian nationals with a visa stamp for the European Union, Canada, US, South Korea, or Japan valid for 90 days after arrival; with a tourist visa, Russians can stay in Costa Rica for a maximum of 90 days.[122] In order to get a tourist visa, the person needs to apply for it in the closest Costa Rican embassy to where the person is living.[citation needed] They must have a valid passport and either have an invitation letter or a bank statement with enough money to survive the length of the stay in Costa Rica, plus proof of onward travel (ticket to exit Costa Rica & legal ability to travel to the destination stated on the ticket). Holders of a Costa Rican passport also need a visa from Russian authorities.

  • Costa Rica has an embassy in Moscow.
  • Russia has an embassy in San José.
 Serbia 1952[123]
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1952.[124]
  • A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[125]
 South Korea 15 August 1962[123]

The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Korea and the Republic of Costa Rica began on 15 August 1962.

 Spain 1850 See Costa Rica–Spain relations
  • Costa Rica has an embassy in Madrid.[127]
  • Spain has an embassy in San José.[128]
 Turkey Jan. 15, 1898[129] See Costa Rica–Turkey relations
  • Costa Rica has an embassy in Ankara.[130]
  • Turkey has an embassy in San José.[130]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was US$100 million in 2019 (Costa Rican exports/imports: 41.8/58.9 million USD).[130]
 United States See Costa Rica–United States relations

The United States is Costa Rica's most important trading partner. The U.S. accounts for almost half of Costa Rica's exports, imports, and tourism, and more than two-thirds of its foreign investment. The two countries share growing concerns for the environment and want to preserve Costa Rica's important tropical resources and prevent environmental degradation. In 2007, the United States reduced Costa Rica's debt in exchange for protection and conservation of Costa Rican forests through a debt for nature swap under the auspices of the Tropical Forest Conservation Act. This is the largest such agreement of its kind to date.

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets. United States Department of State.

 Uruguay See Costa Rica–Uruguay relations
  • Costa Rica has an embassy in Montevideo.
  • Uruguay has an embassy in San José.
 Zambia 28 May 2014 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 May 2014 when first Ambassador of Zambia to Costa Rica (resident in Washington) Mr. Palan Mulonda presented his credentials to President Luis Guillermo Solís.[100]

See also

[edit]

Sources

[edit]
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